History of Christianity

A timeline of Christianity from the Hellenistic background to the twentieth century: events, people and places from textbooks, with page references.

Background: Rome and Judaism

• The conquests of Alexander the Great and the Hellenization of the Mediterranean (334–323 BC)
• The Septuagint – the Greek translation of the Old Testament (3rd century BC (not later than 200 BC))
• Pompey takes Jerusalem; the establishment of Roman rule and the reign of Augustus (63 BC – 14 AD)
• Herod the Great, Judea's incorporation into the Roman province, and the rule of the procurators (40 BC – 36 AD)
• Philo of Alexandria and Hellenized Judaism (20 BC – 50 AD)

Apostolic Age

• The choosing of the Seven, the martyrdom of Stephen, and the dispersion of the "Hellenists" (the 30s AD)
• Pentecost – the birth of the church in Jerusalem and the structure of the apostolic community (c. 30 AD (the day of Pentecost))
• Josephus's testimony about Jesus (the Testimonium Flavianum) (c. 33 AD)
• The execution of John the Baptist by Herod Antipas (c. 36 AD)
• The acceptance of Gentiles into the church: Cornelius, Antioch, and the Council of Jerusalem (the 40s AD – c. 49 AD)
• The missionary journeys and epistles of the apostle Paul (the mid-1st century)
• Claudius's order against the Christians and the expulsion of the Jews from Rome (49–51 AD)
• Simon Magus and the origins of Gnostic teaching (the 1st century)
• The execution of James, the Lord's brother, and the relocation of the Jerusalem Christians to Pella (62 AD)
• The fire of Rome and Nero's persecution; the martyrdom of Peter and Paul (64–68 AD)
• The Jewish War and the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple (66–73 AD)
• The Didache (the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles) (the late 1st – early 2nd century)
• The persecution under Domitian and the writing of Revelation (91–96 AD)
• The First Epistle of Clement of Rome to the Corinthians (the end of the 1st century (c. 96–97 AD))
• The Shepherd of Hermas (the late 1st to first half of the 2nd century)
• The death of the apostle John (the reign of Trajan (98–117 AD))

Ante-Nicene Church

• Writings of the "Apostolic Fathers" (Didache, Papias, Epistle of Barnabas, 2 Clement) (100–160)
• Justin Martyr – apologist and teacher of the Logos (early 2nd c. – 165)
• Gnosticism as the chief threat to the Church in the 2nd century (1st–2nd c.)
• Early Christian worship, baptism, and church order (2nd–3rd c.)
• The spread of Christianity across and beyond the empire (100–312) (100–312)
• Why Rome persecuted Christians: the causes of the persecutions (1st–3rd centuries) (1st–3rd centuries)
• The martyrdom of Ignatius of Antioch and his letters (107 or 115)
• The correspondence of Pliny the Younger with Trajan concerning the Christians (111–117)
• Second-century apologists (Aristides, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus of Antioch, Melito of Sardis) (120–200)
• Irenaeus of Lyons and his work Against Heresies (c. 130 – 202 (chief work written c. 180))
• Montanism (the "New Prophecy", the "Phrygian heresy") (mid-2nd c. – early 3rd c.)
• Marcion and the founding of the Marcionite church (139–144)
• The formation of the New Testament canon, the rule of faith, and baptismal creeds (150–200)
• The martyrdom of Polycarp of Smyrna (155 or 156)
• The Quartodeciman Easter controversy (c. 155 – 190s)
• Tertullian of Carthage – founder of Latin theology (160–220)
• Persecution under Marcus Aurelius; the martyrs of Lyon and Vienne (161–180 (Lyon and Vienne – 177))
• Clement of Alexandria and the Alexandrian school of theology (late 2nd c. – 215/216)
• Monarchianism: dynamic and modalist (Noetus, Sabellius, Paul of Samosata) (late 2nd c. – 272)
• Origen of Alexandria: school, On First Principles, the Hexapla, Against Celsus (c. 185 – 254)
• Hippolytus of Rome and the schism against bishop Callistus (c. 200 – 238)
• The persecution of Septimius Severus (202)
• Mani and the rise of Manichaeism (216–277 (preaching 242–247))
• Cyprian of Carthage and the controversy over the "lapsed" (248/249 – 252)
• The persecution of Emperor Decius (249–251)
• The first desert monks: Paul of Thebes and Antony the Great (mid-3rd c. – 356)
• Genealogies of Christian Mystical Theology: from Origen to the Quietist Controversy (3rd–17th centuries)
• The Novatianist schism at Rome (251)
• The rebaptism controversy (Cyprian and Stephen of Rome) (254–258)
• The persecution of Valerian and the martyrdom of Cyprian (257–260)
• Diocletian's reforms and the establishment of the Tetrarchy (284–305)
• The Rise of Egyptian Monasticism: Desert Hermits and Pachomius's Cenobitic Monasteries (4th century)
• The Baptism of Armenia: the Conversion of King Tiridates III (301–303)
• The Great Persecution of Diocletian and Galerius (303–311)
• The Abdication of Diocletian and Constantine's Proclamation at York (305–306)
• The Donatist Schism in North Africa (305–412)
• The Edict of Galerius on Toleration (April 30, 311)
• The Battle of the Milvian Bridge and Constantine's Vision (October 28, 312)

Imperial Church and the First Councils

• The Edict of Milan (February 313)
• Constantine’s religious policy: favours to the Church and the emperor’s baptism (313–337) (313–337)
• The Beginning of the Arian Controversy: Arius and Alexander of Alexandria (c. 318–325)
• The Founding of Constantinople, the "New Rome" (324–330)
• The First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea (325)
• Athanasius of Alexandria: Episcopate, Exiles, and Defense of the Nicene Faith (328–373)
• The Council of Serdica (342/343–344)
• Jerome and the Latin Translation of the Bible (the Vulgate) (347–420)
• John Chrysostom: from Antioch to the See of Constantinople and Exile (c. 350–407)
• The Triumph of Homoian Arianism under Constantius II: the Councils of Sirmium and the "Dated Creed" (351–360)
• The Conversion and Baptism of Augustine of Hippo (354–387)
• The Cappadocian Fathers and the Formula "One Ousia, Three Hypostases" (358–381)
• Apollinaris of Laodicea and the Condemnation of His Christology (360–381)
• Julian the Apostate and the Attempt to Revive Paganism (361–363)
• The Council of Alexandria (362) and the Reconciliation of Nicenes and Homoiousians (362)
• Ambrose Becomes Bishop of Milan (373–397)
• The Battle of Adrianople and the Death of Emperor Valens (376–378)
• Theodosius's Edict "Cunctos populos" and the Emperor's Baptism (380)
• The Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople (May–July 381)
• Augustine as Bishop of Hippo: the "Confessions" and the Doctrine of Grace and Predestination (391–419)
• The Councils of Hippo and Carthage: the Confirmation of the New Testament Canon (393 and 397)
• Ninian and Patrick: the Mission to Scotland and Ireland (394 and 432)
• The Donatist controversy and Augustine's ecclesiology (early 5th c.; council – May 411)
• Symeon Stylites and Syrian monasticism (4th–5th c. (Symeon c. 390–459))
• The Pelagian controversy (from 405 to condemnation at the Council of Ephesus (431); key rulings 411–418)
• The Roman withdrawal from Britain and the Anglo-Saxon conquest (406–409 and after)
• The Vandals: from the Rhine to Carthage, and the sack of Rome (407–455)
• The sack of Rome by Alaric and Augustine's "City of God" (410 (sack of Rome); 412–426 ("City of God"); 430 (death of Augustine))
• Western monasticism: Lérins, John Cassian, and Vincent of Lérins's "Commonitorium" (410 (founding of Lérins) – 434 ("Commonitorium") – 502–542 (Caesarius of Arles))
• The Church of the East ("Nestorian") in Persia: formation and establishment (410 (independence) – 486 (Synod of Seleucia) – 489–507 (school of Nisibis) – 585 (synod))
• The Semi-Pelagian controversy and the Second Council of Orange (529) (5th – early 6th c.; Council of Orange – 529)
• The Nestorian controversy and the Third Ecumenical Council of Ephesus (431); the Union of 433 (428–431 (council – June 431); union of 433 (established by 437–438))
• Leo the Great: pontificate, the doctrine of Roman primacy, and the meeting with Attila (440–461)
• The condemnation of Eutyches and the "Robber Council" of Ephesus (449) (444–450 (council – 8 August 449))

Early Middle Ages

• The Fourth Ecumenical Council (Chalcedon) (8 October – 10 November 451)
• The Monophysite reaction after Chalcedon (451 – mid-6th c. (murder of Proterius – 457))
• The fall of the Western Roman Empire (476)
• Zeno's Henoticon and the Acacian Schism (476–477 (Basiliscus's Encyclical); 482 (Zeno's Henoticon) – 519 (end of the Acacian Schism))
• Boethius: theological treatises, the "Consolation of Philosophy," and his execution (c. 480 – execution in 524/526)
• Benedict of Nursia, Monte Cassino, and his "Rule" (c. 480 (birth) – 525/529 (Monte Cassino))
• The baptism of Clovis and the conversion of the Franks (Christmas 496)
• The appearance of the Pseudo-Dionysian corpus (c. 500)
• The Athanasian Creed (Quicunque vult) (c. 500 (first attestation – Caesarius of Arles, d. 542))
• The Three Chapters controversy and the Fifth Ecumenical Council (Second Constantinople, 553) (518 – 553 (council, 5 May – 2 June 553); acceptance in the West completed by the late 6th c.)
• The reign of Justinian and the reconquest of the West (527–565)
• Justinian's closure of the philosophical school at Athens (529)
• Cassiodorus and the monastery of Vivarium (6th c. (retirement from court – 540))
• Celtic missions: Patrick in Ireland, Columba at Iona, and the spread of private penance (c. 563 (Iona) – 590 (Columbanus's continental mission); practice spread in the 7th–8th c.)
• The rise of Islam and the early Arab conquests (570–632 (life of Muhammad); Arab conquests – 633–711)
• The pontificate of Gregory the Great and the mission of Augustine of Canterbury to England (590–604) (588 (title dispute) – pontificate 590–604 – mission to England 596/597–c. 599 – 607 (title "Universal Bishop"))
• The Third Council of Toledo (589): the conversion of the Visigoths and the filioque (589)
• The Monothelite controversy and the Sixth Ecumenical Council (Third Constantinople, 680–681) (622 (Heraclius's plan) – 638 ("Ekthesis") – 649 (Lateran council) – 680–681 (Sixth Ecumenical Council) – 691/692 (Quinisext Council))
• John of Damascus – the last of the Greek Fathers (3rd quarter of the 7th c. – mid-8th c.)
• The rise of the Carolingians, the Battle of Poitiers, and the "Donation of Pepin" (711–732 (invasion and Battle of Poitiers) – 751–756 (Pepin as king, "Donation of Pepin") – 767, 772–774)
• The missions of Willibrord and Boniface among the Germans (690s – 754)
• The Iconoclast controversy and the Seventh Ecumenical Council (Second Nicaea, 787) (723 (emir Yazid's edict) – 726–730 (Leo III's first edicts) – 754 (council of Hieria) – 787 (Seventh Ecumenical Council at Nicaea))
• Charlemagne: conquests, the Carolingian Renaissance, and the Council of Frankfurt (794) (772–804 (conquests and revival); 794 (Council of Frankfurt); 809 (Council of Aachen on the filioque))
• Coronation of Charlemagne and the Aachen Filioque Dispute (800–809)
• The Second Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy (813–843)
• Carolingian Theological Disputes: the Eucharist, Predestination, and John Scotus Eriugena (818–855)
• The Donation of Constantine and the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals (mid-9th century)
• The Photian Schism (858–880)
• The Mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Slavs and the Christianization of Bulgaria (862–927)
• The Church in feudal society: bishops as vassals, the Peace of God and the Truce of God (10th–11th centuries) (10th – first half of the 11th century)
• The Cluniac and Gregorian Reform: the Investiture Controversy from Canossa to the Concordat of Worms (909–1122)
• Otto I and the Church Policy of the Holy Roman Empire (936–973)
• Symeon the New Theologian and the Origins of Hesychast Theology (949–1022)
• The Baptism of Rus (c. 950–11th century)
• Berengar of Tours and the Eucharistic Controversy (1003–1079)
• The Cathars (Albigensians), the Albigensian Crusade, and the Founding of the Papal Inquisition (11th century–1231)

High and Late Middle Ages

• The Great Schism of 1054 (1054)
• Anselm of Canterbury: the Ontological Argument and the Satisfaction Theory (1070s–1109)
• The First Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem (1071–1099)
• Peter Abelard: 'Sic et Non' and His Condemnation (1079–1142)
• Peter Lombard's 'Sentences' and the Rise of the Universities (1090s–mid-13th century)
• The Founding of the Cistercian Order and the Work of Bernard of Clairvaux (1098–1153)
• Gothic cathedrals: Suger, Saint-Denis and Notre-Dame (1137–1270) (1137–1270)
• Arnold of Brescia: preaching apostolic poverty and the Roman commune (1139–1155) (1139–1155)
• Gratian and canon law: the Concordance of Discordant Canons (c. 1140) (c. 1140 – 1918)
• The Second Crusade (1144–1149)
• The Waldensians: Peter Waldo's Movement and Its Condemnation (c. 1170–1215)
• The Third Crusade, Saladin's Capture of Jerusalem, and the Fall of Acre (1187–1291)
• The Pontificate of Innocent III: the Peak of Papal Power (1198–1216)
• The Mendicant Orders: Francis of Assisi and Dominic (1201–1226)
• The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (1202–1261)
• The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
• Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure: the Peak of Scholasticism (1221–1274)
• John Duns Scotus – the 'Subtle Doctor' (c. 1265–1308)
• William of Ockham, Nominalism, and the Via Moderna (c. 1280–1481)
• Rhineland Mysticism and the 'New Devotion' (Devotio Moderna) (late 13th century–1473)
• Boniface VIII versus Philip IV: the Bull 'Unam Sanctam' and the 'Slap of Anagni' (1294–1303)
• The Hesychast Controversy: Gregory Palamas against Barlaam of Calabria (1296–1368)
• The Avignon Papacy: the 'Babylonian Captivity' of the Church (1305–1377)
• John Wycliffe and the Lollards (c. 1330–1428)
• Lorenzo Valla Exposes the 'Donation of Constantine'; Humanism and Printing (1340–1495)
• The Black Death (1347–1350)
• The Great Western Schism, Jan Hus, and the Council of Constance (1372–1436)
• The Council of Ferrara-Florence and the Union of East and West (1438–1439)
• The Renaissance Papacy and Savonarola's Preaching in Florence (1447–1503)
• The Fall of Constantinople (1453)
• "Moscow, the Third Rome", and the establishment of the Moscow Patriarchate (15th–16th centuries)
• The Completion of the Reconquista, the Unification of Spain, and the Spanish Religious Reform (1492 (Reconquista: 11th–15th c.; reform up to 1522))

Reformation and Catholic Reform

• Christian humanism and Erasmus's "philosophy of Christ" (late 15th – early 16th c.)
• Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas and the defence of Indian rights (1500–1594)
• Martin Luther: the path to his "theological discovery" (1505–1519)
• The early years and conversion of John Calvin (1509–1536)
• Teresa of Avila and the Discalced Carmelite reform (1515–1591)
• Luther's Ninety-Five Theses on indulgences (31 October 1517)
• The Heidelberg Disputation (April 1518)
• The Leipzig Disputation between Luther and Eck (July 1519)
• Huldrych Zwingli and the Reformation in Zurich (1519–1531)
• Luther's three reformation treatises and the bull "Exsurge Domine" (1520)
• The Diet of Worms and the Wartburg (1521–1522)
• Ignatius Loyola and the founding of the Society of Jesus (1521–1556)
• The origins of Anabaptism and the Schleitheim Confession (1523–1527)
• The German Peasants' War (1524–1525)
• The Erasmus–Luther debate on free will (1524–1525)
• The diets of Speyer and the Augsburg Confession (1526–1530)
• The English Bible: Tyndale, Coverdale and the Great Bible (1526–1539) (1526–1539)
• Henry VIII's break with Rome and the Act of Supremacy (1527–1536)
• The Scottish Reformation and John Knox (1528–1560)
• The Marburg Colloquy (1–4 October 1529)
• The Kappel Wars and the death of Zwingli (1529–1531)
• The Schmalkaldic League, the Schmalkaldic War, and the Peace of Augsburg (1531–1555)
• The Münster Anabaptist Kingdom (1534–1535)
• The beginning of Catholic reform under Paul III (1534–1549)
• Menno Simons and the revival of peaceful Anabaptism (1536)
• Calvin and the reform of Geneva (1536–1542)
• Calvin's "Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1536–1559)
• Francis Xavier's mission to India and Japan (May 1542 – 1552)
• The Council of Trent (1545–1563)
• Protestant reforms under Edward VI (1547–1553)
• The Heidelberg Catechism and the rise of Reformed orthodoxy (1552–1582)
• The execution of Michael Servetus in Geneva (1553)
• Mary Tudor's Catholic restoration (1553–1558)
• The Elizabethan Settlement and the Thirty-Nine Articles (1558–1571)
• The Geneva Academy and the death of Calvin (1559–1564)
• The French Wars of Religion: from the Vassy massacre to the Edict of Nantes (1559–1598)
• The Formula of Concord and the "Book of Concord" (1577 (published 1580))
• Matteo Ricci's mission to China and the method of cultural accommodation (1583–1615)
• The Union of Brest (1596)
• Matteo Ricci and the Chinese Rites Controversy (1601–1742)
• The Arminian Controversy, the Remonstrance, and Socinianism (1603–1610)
• The Hampton Court Conference and the King James Bible (1603–1611)
• Religious Diversity in the American Colonies and the Road to the First Amendment (1607–1791)
• English Separatists: Holland, the first Baptist church and the Mayflower (1608–1620) (1608–1620)
• Gallicanism, Febronianism, Josephinism, and the French Revolution's Assault on the Church (1615–1799)
• The Galileo Affair and the Condemnation of Heliocentrism (1616–1630s)
• The Synod of Dort (1618–1619)
• The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)
• Continental Rationalism: Descartes, Grotius, Spinoza, and Leibniz (1619–1716)
• English Deism, Locke, and Hume's Critique; the French Enlightenment (1624–1780)
• The English Civil War, Cromwell's Protectorate, and the Glorious Revolution (1625–1689)
• Confessions of Faith in the Orthodox East: Lucaris, Mogila, and Dositheus (1629–1672)
• The Crushing of the Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1629–1787)
• The Jansenist Controversy (1640–1713)
• The Westminster Assembly and the Westminster Confession (1643–1649)
• The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Orthodoxy, Pietism and Enlightenment

• The denominational theory of the Church: the Independents, Westminster and America (1649–1740) (1649–1740)
• The Age of Reason: the scientific revolution, Newton’s world-machine and the crisis of faith (1649–1789) (1649–1789)
• Apocalyptic Radicalism in the English Revolution: the Fifth Monarchists, Anna Trapnel and Gerrard Winstanley (1649–1654)
• Patriarch Nikon's Reform and the Old Believer Schism (1652–1667)
• Blaise Pascal: the Memorial of 1654, the Provincial Letters and the Pensées (1654–1670)
• Quietism: Molinos, Madame Guyon, and the Fénelon–Bossuet Dispute (1675–1699)
• Pietism, Moravian Missions, and the Birth of the Modern Protestant Missionary Movement (1675–1793)
• Peter the Great's Church Reform: Abolishing the Patriarchate and the Holy Synod (1682–1740)
• John Wesley, George Whitefield, and the Birth of Methodism (1725–1791)
• The Great Awakening in the British Colonies of North America (1734–1766)
• The Expulsion and Suppression of the Jesuit Order (1759–1773)
• The Beginnings of Historical Criticism of the Bible: Reimarus, Semler, and Lessing (18th c. (publications 1760–1781))
• Immanuel Kant and G. W. F. Hegel: German Idealism's Challenge to Theology (1781–1831)
• Prophets of the Late 18th Century: Joanna Southcott, Richard Brothers and William Blake (1792–1814)
• Schleiermacher and the "Speeches on Religion": the Birth of Liberal Theology (1799–1834)

19th Century

• Balkan Orthodox churches gaining autocephaly (19th century)
• The Industrial Revolution, laissez-faire and the Christian response to the social crisis (19th century) (19th century)
• Napoleon's Concordat and the captivity of Pius VII (1801–1814)
• The Second Great Awakening and the Restoration Movement in the US (1801 – early 19th c.)
• The expansion of Protestant and Catholic foreign missions in the 19th century (1806–1899)
• The Clapham Sect, Wilberforce and the abolition of slavery in the British Empire (1807–1833) (1807–1833)
• Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)
• The Papal States, the Risorgimento and the fall of Rome (1815–1870) (1815–1870)
• Slavery, schisms in American churches, and the rise of Black churches (1816–1861)
• New religious movements in America: Mormons, Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Christian Science (1818–1915)
• The execution of Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople (1821)
• Albrecht Ritschl and liberal Protestant theology (1822–1889)
• The Oxford Movement and John Henry Newman's conversion to Catholicism (1833–1845)
• Historical criticism and the "quest for the historical Jesus": from Strauss to Schweitzer (1835–1906)
• Karl Marx, the “Communist Manifesto” (1848) and “Capital” (1848–1894)
• Catholics and the labour question: Ketteler, Manning and the Knights of Labor (1848–1891) (1848–1891)
• The Christian Socialists: Maurice, Kingsley and Ludlow (1848–1854) (1848–1854)
• The dogma of the Immaculate Conception (the bull Ineffabilis Deus) (1854)
• Darwin's Origin of Species and theologians' response (1859 and 1871)
• Urban revivalism and the Social Gospel in the United States (1861–1918)
• Pope Pius IX's Syllabus of Errors (1864)
• The First Vatican Council, the dogma of papal infallibility, and the Old Catholic schism (1869–1871)
• The Kulturkampf in Germany (1871–1878)
• The discovery of the Didache in Istanbul (1875)
• Leo XIII's encyclicals (Aeterni Patris, Rerum Novarum, Providentissimus Deus) and the condemnation of Catholic modernism (1878–1899)
• Thomism from Leo XIII to Ressourcement Thomism: Aeterni Patris, Nouvelle théologie, retrieval (from 1879)
• The “New Theology” and the Andover controversy (1880–1892) (1880–1892)
• Christianity in Korea: from the Catholics of 1781 to the revival and megachurches (from 1885 (Catholics from 1781))
• Adolf von Harnack and liberal theology ("What is Christianity?") (1886–1900)
• The Azusa Street revival and the rise of Pentecostalism (c. 1900–1914)
• The Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy in the US; the Niagara Bible Conference (turn of the 20th century (1890s–1930s))

20th Century

• The shift of Christianity to the “Global South” (twentieth century) (1900–2000)
• Catholic modernism and its condemnation by Pius X (1902–1914)
• Karl Rahner and "anonymous Christianity" (1904–1984)
• Dietrich Bonhoeffer: "cheap grace" and martyrdom (1906 – 9 April 1945)
• The 1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference and the birth of the ecumenical movement (1910–1937)
• From fundamentalism to American neo-evangelicalism: "The Fundamentals," Carl Henry, Billy Graham (1910–1976)
• The Niebuhr brothers and American Christian realism (1913–1944)
• Paul Tillich and the "method of correlation" (1914–1965)
• The age of ideologies: Toynbee, the First World War and totalitarianism (1914–1989) (1914–1989)
• Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: evolution and the Omega Point (1916–1955)
• The Russian Orthodox Church under Soviet rule (1917–1964)
• Karl Barth and neo-orthodoxy (1919–1968)
• Rudolf Bultmann and the program of demythologization (1921–1961)
• The papacy and fascist regimes: from the Lateran Accords to the end of Pius XII's pontificate (1922–1958)
• The founding of the World Council of Churches and its assemblies (1925–1991)
• Jürgen Moltmann and the theology of hope (1926–1990)
• Wolfhart Pannenberg: revelation as history (1928–1988)
• Hans Küng – the "rebellious Catholic" (1928–1990)
• The East African Revival (balokole): Nsibambi, Church, Nagenda, Kivengere (from 1929)
• The "German Christians," the Barmen Declaration, and the Confessing Church (1933–1934)
• Nazism, the Holocaust and Christians in the Third Reich (1933–1945) (1933–1945)
• The discovery of the Nag Hammadi library (1945)
• Christianity in China under the Communists: persecution, “registered” and underground churches, Cardinal Gong Pinmei (1949–1982)
• The renewal of Catholic theology and the Second Vatican Council (1950–1978)
• The Civil Rights Movement and the rise of black theology (1954–1986)
• Latin American liberation theology: Medellín, Gutiérrez, Puebla (1960–1986)
• "Death of God" theology and radical secular theology of the 1960s (1961–1969)
• The rise of feminist theology (1963–1987)
• American Apocalyptic Culture: Hal Lindsey, “Left Behind” and Harold Camping’s Failed Prediction (1972–2011) (1972–2011)
• The Lausanne Movement for World Evangelization (1974–1989)
• Radical Orthodoxy: the Cambridge theological movement (from 1992) (from 1992)
• ‘Reformed catholicity’: retrieval of the catholic tradition in contemporary Reformed theology (from 2003)