Luther, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church: two sacraments and real presence without transubstantiation

In his 1520 treatise Luther examined the seven sacraments and, using humanist philology, recognized as a sacrament only a divine promise confirmed by an outward sign and instituted by Christ: beginning with three (baptism, penance, the breaking of bread), by the end of the treatise he kept two – baptism and the Eucharist. The Supper, according to Luther, is in a "threefold captivity": the withholding of the cup from the laity, the doctrine of transubstantiation as captivity to Aristotelian metaphysics, and the doctrine of the Mass as a "good work and sacrifice." Rejecting transubstantiation, he kept the real presence: the bread and wine remain but become bearers of the body and blood of Christ, and how this happens is a "mystery"; later theologians called this "consubstantiation." For Luther baptism is a sign of justification, and he defended infant baptism: refusing it would make the power of baptism depend on our faith, that is, it would be a new form of justification by works.