The Lutheran controversy over the Supper, "crypto-Calvinism" and the Formula of Concord

Melanchthon, author of the Augsburg Confession (1530), which clearly affirmed the real presence, later, seeking an understanding with the Reformed, altered the article on the Supper (the "Variata" editions, according to Lane in 1540) and in the Loci communes of 1555 gave a formulation more acceptable to Calvin. In 1552 the strict Lutheran Joachim Westphal pointed out the difference between Calvin's and Luther's teaching on the Supper; Melanchthon refused to take an open position, and his followers came to be called "crypto-Calvinists." The Palatinate turned to Calvinism (the Heidelberg Catechism of 1563), while in Saxony Calvinism was condemned in 1574. The Formula of Concord (1577) affirmed that the body and blood of Christ are truly present "in, with and under" the bread and wine and are received with the mouth by all communicants – believers and unbelievers alike, called the Zwinglians "crude" and the Calvinists "subtle, most harmful" sacramentarians, and drew a clear line between Lutheranism and Calvinism.