c. 100

The Didache: from apostles and prophets to bishops and deacons

The Didache shows a transitional state between the original charismatic system and an emerging hierarchy. The most honored are still the traveling apostles and prophets – bearers of the gifts of the Spirit – but the problem of discerning genuine gifts had become acute: a false prophet is recognized by his conduct (he stays longer than two nights, asks for money, eats the meal he ordered to be prepared). Toward the end the document directs the community to elect bishops and deacons, "meek and not lovers of money," who will serve "in the place of the prophets and teachers." Berkhof notes that among the Apostolic Fathers charismatic gifts are still alive, but respect for church offices is growing.