451–553

The Monophysites after Chalcedon, the Henoticon and the Fifth Council (553)

Chalcedon did not end the dispute in the East: most Alexandrians rejected the formula "in two natures", holding to Cyril's formula "one incarnate nature of the Word", and were called Monophysites; González calls most of them "verbal Monophysites" who rejected Eutyches and acknowledged Christ as consubstantial with God and with us. The Henoticon of Emperor Zeno (482) recognized the Nicene Creed and Cyril's twelve anathemas as the standard and united the East at the price of a schism with Rome that lasted until 519. Justinian, seeking to reconcile the Monophysites, condemned the "Three Chapters" – Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret's writings against Cyril and the letter of Ibas of Edessa; the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 confirmed the condemnation and interpreted Chalcedon in the spirit of Cyril, approving the formula "one of the Trinity was crucified in the flesh". The Monophysites were not reconciled: the Coptic, Ethiopian, Jacobite and Armenian churches remained outside Chalcedonian communion.